Source: On the Origin of Species Summary | SuperSummary
On the Origin of Species is a scientific novel by Charles Darwin, evolutionary biologist and the first person to conceive of natural selection as the vehicle through which organisms develop new features and identities through successive generations. Published in 1859 to a widespread and receptive general audience, it explicates now-familiar principles such as variation, mutation, and evolution which were, at the time, new to the scientific world. The novel is lauded for combining rigorous empirical evidence with the scientific method and Darwin’s more abstract revelations about the nature of organisms, fashioning a model that unifies and explains many natural phenomena.
In the book’s introduction, Darwin recounts conceiving of his theory when he traveled as a professional naturalist on a ship called the HMS Beagle between 1831 and 1836. On board, he kept a journal of data about his observations, even writing a rough draft of what would be his conclusions before acquiring all of the necessary supporting evidence. After 20 years keeping the findings to himself because he feared a public rejection that could ruin his life, he published them in the form of On the Origin of Species when a colleague named Alfred Russel Wallace sent him a letter about similar findings.
In the book’s first chapters, Darwin explains the skeleton of his theory. In each biological generation of an organism, animals and plants create many more individuals than nature can sustain with the appropriate resources. Though they can be categorized together, these organisms are all unique at some level in their behavior and physical profiles, and are able to pass on their features to successive generations. In each new generation, the individuals who are best equipped to survive their environment gain an advantage, progressively adapting to fit the demands the environment imposes on them. This theory explains, for example, the evolution of men from apes, who evolved by using their developing capacity to form tools and metaphors to defeat other tribes of apes that impinged on their territory or threatened their lives.
In Darwin’s conclusion, he goes so far as to suggest that a creator did indeed exist at the very beginning, breathing “life” into the first organism so that it could propagate and create more complexity over time. In other words, while he postulates that life could have a divine origin, it was later taken over by the “natural” processes of variation, mutation, and natural selection that continue to define how life goes on today.